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Commons Analysis of Institutional Press Releases and its Visibility in the Press José Antonio Alcoceba-Hernando, Ph.D. [C.V.] Associate Professor at the Department of Sociology IV - Complutense University of Madrid Abstract: The relationships between institutional communication and media communication influence the shaping of social representations of public issues. This research article analyses these relationships based on the case study of the external communication of a public institution, the press releases of Spain’s Youth Institute (Instituto de la Juventud, aka, Injuve), during three years and their repercussion in the press during the same period of time. The results obtained in this research allowed drawing conclusions on the types of communication production of the aforementioned institution and the news treatment of such pieces of information by the printed and digital media. The press releases and the news items were studied using quantitative media content analysis which focused, especially, in referential issues like the information treatment, the thematic analysis, youth representations in the case of the releases; and the visibility of the press releases in the making of news Keywords: Institutional communication; media communication; press analysis; representations of youth. Summary: 1. Introduction. 2. Methodology. 3. Results. 4. Conclusions. 5. Bibliography. 6. Notes. Translation by Cruz Alberto Martinez-Arcos (University of London) 1. Introduction The following article aims to systematise the results of a research commissioned in 2008 by Spain’s Youth Institute (Injuve) to a group of researchers from the Department of Sociology IV at the Complutense University of Madrid, as part of the Studies on Information, Technology and Communications of this institution Previously, the Injuve, in view of the institutional need to investigate the media treatment of youth, had commissioned the same research team another work focused on analysing media representations of youth, by examining the news on the printed press, radio and television during September-November 2006. The results of this work served for the elaboration of a “Handbook of good practice for the treatment of youth in the media”, which was published in 2007 [1]. Along this media analysis, aimed to improve the informative treatment of youth in the mass media, some questions were raised regarding the sources used by the media to produce youth-related news. Taking advantage of the free access granted by the Injuve to its archive of press releases and youth-related news, a second research project was designed to observe the ways in which a public institution produced external information directed to the media; and at the same time, analyse the media products related to such institutional communication. This research examined the press releases generated by the Injuve during 2005, 2006 and 2007 and the news related to such press releases that appeared in that period of time in the printed and digital media. 1.1. Justification 1.1.1. The relationship between institutional communication and media communication The public media have been constituted, as Garcés Corra (2007) says, as sources of definition and interpretation of reality; they have acquired great importance as channels through which is possible to offer a particular vision of social organizations in general and public institutions in particular. The social image of and public opinion about the public institutions depend in good measure on the appropriate management and the proper treatment of the information these organizations generate. Government agencies are not entities isolated from this reality, and they cannot ignore the need of visibility and social justification of their existence. On the contrary, as claimed by Camacho Markina (2001: 1), public administrations “must be integrated in their environment and keep in continuous contact with the citizens, who are the recipients of the services they provide [...] The institutions are obliged to inform taxpayers the ways in which they manage public money, the decisions they take and the activities they carry out”. Among the communicative tasks of social institutions is the development of information about their activities and operation to be disseminated in the media; an activity that sometimes has been, and still is, considered a second level task. Although no political organization denies the importance of the relations with the media, as Xifrá Triadu (2003) affirms, it is relatively frequent to limit those relationships to a sporadic and testimonial relationship that does not attract the attention of communication professionals Equally, it should be noted that in recent years the public institutions have been taking awareness of the importance of the treatment and management of internal information, and its external diffusion to audiences through the media. The creation and consolidation of institutional press offices and services has extended to most public institutions, be they national, regional or local. One standardized modality of this external communication is the press releases that are sent to the media with the intent that they will reflect the work and activities of the organizations, offering the point of view that benefits those institutions. Press releases should try generating a relationship of mutual need, and to achieve so their production and frequency must have a certain cadence in the editorial departments. This relationship between institutions and the media becomes a reality through the mediation process by which the media sometimes take into account these press releases, and reflects in its totality or in part those events narrated in them. The aim is that these institutions become reliable and accessible sources for the media. 1.1.2. External Institutional communication External communication is an essential tool in the communicative processes of public and private social organizations. In fact, as Canel (2007: 28) points out, “the survival of the public institution is linked to its ability to define itself, to show its objectives, to justify its actions and to involve others. Its identity is then not only constituted by the law, but also through the interaction it establishes with the people related to it”. This external communication, in the words of Bel Mallén (2004: 158), is an essential part of the concept of corporative identity: external communication serves the aims of the corporative identity and the latter establishes the informational content of the former. All systems of communication in this area are at the service of the corporate identity, and allow communicating the press releases that differentiate the identity of the organization to all the publics, either directly or indirectly related. As García Rivas (2003: 4) says, “an organization uses the institutional communication as its own official expression towards society through all media available to them [...] it facilitates the internal operation of the organization itself, through what is called internal communication. And secondly, it favours the creation of a particular public image of the organization, through its external communication”. The exchange between institution and public (in this case, citizens) should be essential in the communication strategy of public organizations. Sometimes this process is not granted the importance it requires, and this poses a serious obstacle in the visibility of institutions, the production of their social identity, and the configuration of its foundational objectives. “The communication process that the institution establishes with its publics has a goal: to produce change in a given direction [...]. The one who communicates has objectives towards which all of its actions are oriented. The communication of the public institution is, therefore, a strategic process” (Canel, 2007: 29). This strategic character must be reflected in concrete communicative interests of the institution itself, translated in communicative products that the institution is interested in producing and transmitting. The message is a reflection of the strategy that incorporates the objectives that the institution has set (Izurieta, 2003: 233). “A light, watery or contradictory message denotes lack of strategy [...] Political communication, then, is focused in transmitting an approach to reality, because not all parties in a conflict or a political problem consider an issue in the same way”. In view of the different interpretations, versions, or approaches, viewpoints should be oriented towards the legitimacy of the institution and its social need. “The State institutions are organizations that require initial legitimacy and constant renovation” (Cancelo San Martín, 2007: 74). Therefore, message transmission is directed towards the legitimacy of the public service of the institution and its acceptance by citizens. In this regard, institutional communication processes must transmit information that consolidates the trust of citizens towards such institutions through the dissemination of its socio-political activities. Political institutions orient societies in certain directions through public policies. Messages about these policies (created by the institutional communication) must transmit the different dimensions of the social problems they deal with, transmitting at the same time the need for the social intervention on the problem, usually associated with the political action of the institutions. These messages from organizations must be governed by an integral communication plan that based on their needs and resources guides their communicative relations towards the community. The implementation of institutional communication policies is usually done through press offices; departments that increasingly have acquired great importance in the organizational structures, due to the importance the work of informing and creating an appropriate image for the public opinion have acquired in our society. “The contemporary significance of communication departments as generators of information is unquestionable, as they are shown as the major suppliers of events” (Castillo, 2004: 201). Communicative products created by these departments offer a wide range of services ranging from the preparation of press dossiers to the holding of informational events (press conferences and meetings), and including the development of new products related to the use of the ICT. The creation of a press department involves, as Mateos Martín (2003) notes, introducing a specialized professional factor at work to manage the informational relations. That professionalization should govern the principles of the communication professionals working at the departments:
As Aranes Usanbizaga (1996: 212) maintains, the communicative professionalization of an institution should be conceived transversally: “the approach that considers the information systems as part of the organizations is exceeded by the approach that sees the informative mechanisms globally and in a manner applied to the organizational life. In a structured way, we would be faced with the establishment of articulated and integral information systems, which would conjugate all informational aspects: the operative-instrumental, the tactical and the strategic”. This integral dissemination of the institution’s activity in the media should be guided by principles of quality in the messages (transparency, veracity, and speed) they want to get across to the public. And at the same time, as Coldwell, (2001: 8) maintains, institutional communication must ensure the highest standards of professionalism and ethical conduct. “With transparency and rigour, [...] the external communication is able to transmit the image, the principles and functions of your organization” (García Rivas, 2003: 7). 1.2. Objectives of the research In general terms this investigation pursued a dual purpose. 1. The first objective was to analyse the production of institutional public communication, based on the study of the creation of external information through press releases directed to the media with the aim of becoming present in the news they produce about the reality of that institution, and in this way to justify its institutional presence as leading actor of national youth policies. The purpose was to observe how press releases have been developed during this period and what facts and events have been regarded as relevant by the institution regarding its functioning and social presence. 2. The second objective was to study the visibility of such information in digital and printed media. The study sought to identify the relationships between the original press releases and the news production resulting in the media. We identified and selected the news offered in the Spain press (at national, regional and local levels), collected in the Injuve’s dossiers, which included references to these press releases, with the aim of establishing relations, analogies and differences between the news and press releases. Our work focused specifically on the study of the communicative work the Youth Institute (Injuve) based on the press releases it generated in the three years from 2005 to 2007 and their impact and treatment in the digital and printed Spanish media during the same period of time. From the outcome of these two levels of analysis we aimed to obtain answers regarding the development of institutional communication and its impact in the media; and also about the meditational models of the press for the creation of informative references generated by social organizations. In short, our overall research objective was to examine the external institutional information of a public organization and the news production processes that determine the impact and visibility of this information in the mass media. This work tried to compare different social and communicative planes:
2. Methodology The methodology used for this research is quantitative media content analysis. This technique allows the systematic study of a significant amount of information. Content analysis, as Sánchez Aranda [2] proposes, involves systematically implementing previously fixed rules designed to measure the frequency with which certain elements appear within a whole mass of information that we have previously selected to study some aspects that seem useful for our research purposes. he media department of the Youth Institute gave us access to its informational databases:
In the three years period of research, we identified a total of 158 press releases, distributed quite evenly: 53 notes in 2005, 55 in 2006, and 50 in 2007.
The revision of these databases provided the set of communicative products that became the object of study of our research. We finally selected 158 press releases and 161 news items concerning these press releases. We reviewed each of the stages of the methodological approach mentioned by Sánchez Aranda for a quantitative content analysis like this:
3. Results 3.1. Injuve’s communication strategy A good way to learn about the image of an institution is through the analysis of the media’s news content about it, since audiences’ perceptions about the work and functioning of the institution will largely depend on the mediation process carried out by such media (between the activities performed by organizations and the knowledge that people have of such activities). As mentioned, the analysis of the public institutional communication in this case focused on the systematic study of the press releases issued by the Youth Institute during 2005, 2006 and 2007. To us, this time period seemed enough to observe the different modes of production of institutional communication about the operation of this official Spanish organization. The Injuve is an autonomous body that during the period analysed was part of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs [3], whose performance is governed by three general principles listed in its Service Letter.
All messages issued must be perfectly coordinated by a strategic plan of communication that responds to these principles and outlines a particular image of the institution to society. To do this, the internal communication should be fully integrated in the corporate culture of the organization, and the external communication should consolidate an image of confidence in society. Therefore, the communication plan that must govern the development of institutional communication circulated by the press department must be based on a work planned and coordinated with those responsible for the communication policy of the organization, and they should be aware of such basic principles. The basic lines of the communication strategy of each organization provide the general performance framework. This framework can be delimited by following the situational factors of Garnett’s strategic contingency model (Canel 2007):
Moreover, the institution must take into account that each contact with the media is an occasion that should be used to reinforce the institutional relationship and the image of the Injuve as a relevant source of information on youth issues. For this reason, each press release directed to the media must be planned and justified. The best press offices are not always those producing more press releases. The information policy of the public institutions has a good deal of negotiation. Public institutions have not always understood their communication departments as a necessity within their organization charts and technical bodies. Lately, although they are taken more into account, the communication offices are usually allocated scarce material and human resources to carry out their mission. But still, as La Porte (2001) points out, we should remember that regardless of the size of organizations, the number of people or the greater or lesser commitment to communicative tasks, it is important not to neglect them or reduce them to positions lacking real competences. The informational relations of a public institution with media serve to reinforce the institutional relationship with media and the consolidation of the image of the institution as a relevant source of information on youth issues. 3.1.1. Analysis of press releases This section presents the quantitative media content analysis completed in this research. Firstly we tried to delineate the informational functions of the press releases. Three informational modes of press releases were identified among the sample analysed:
Most of the press releases considered in this research were equally about internal and external activities (41% and 41%, respectively), whereas the number of press calls was much smaller (18%).
In this regard, the releases informed about the activity of the institution in relation to its programmes and services, forming the external image of the institution as a public body responsible for implementing youth policies
The relationship with other institutions reflects an image of the Injuve’s social work. The Injuve’s social networking work with public institutions (international, national, regional and local), and private organizations (foundations and companies) forms the functioning and implementation structures of the public youth policies in Spain.
In these cases, the institution invites journalists to personally tell them something, usually through a qualified representative related to the general directorate. From the structural and formal point of view, the invitations were generally a single page long and did not provide, from the informative point of view, relevant data beyond the mere press invitation to talk about the subject in question. These press calls are of interest for the institution and reporters.
The use of press invitations by the Injuve mostly reinforces the “staging of public management” as Canel (2004) notes; in this case this staging focused especially in subjects of youth leisure, culture and emancipation. The institutional role of the Injuve The study was also interested in establishing the political role of the Youth Institute as reflected in its press releases. The predominant role during the period analysed was of promoter, advocate, and financier of campaigns and/or social programmes aimed to young people (46%). This was followed by the informative press releases featuring the Injuve as a cultural promoter (22%). Press releases referring to research related to youth’s social problems (6%), the promotion or reception of awards (6%) and the promotion of education and training (6%) were less frequent. Most of the press release during 2005, 2006 and 2007 informed about activities related to the implementation of public policies; where the Injuve appeared as a promoter, advocate, or financier of social campaigns and/or programmes. Thematic of the press releases The thematic classification of the 158 press releases issued during 2005, 2006, and 2007 was designed around the strategic areas of action proposed for the development and implementation of the Plan de Juventud (Youth Plan) 2005-2008. A) Area of emancipation: getting employment and independent housing B) Area of participation C) Area of coexistence and diversity D) Area of healthy lifestyle habits and environment E) Area of leisure, culture and free time F) Area of training. This classification intended to observe the relationship between the Injuve´s production of internal Institutional communication and the national political-administrative youth-aimed areas of action. Most of the notes produced in this period referred to a generic youth thematic (26%), followed by those that reported information relating to leisure, culture and spare time (22%), issues related to youth emancipation (17%), training (13%), coexistence and diversity (10%), healthy living habits and the environment (6%), and youth participation (6%) The thematic treatment of the press releases reinforces the institutional vision about youth. The Injuve intervenes communicatively highlighting the need for its intervention in productive fields as youth emancipation, but also in other fields in which in theory its interventions might not be as necessary, as youth leisure. Treatment of youth The treatment of youth in the press releases was dominated by a generic and stereotyped vision: the mentions were almost always collective (the young people in general, the young artists, the young entrepreneurs, etc.). As Machado e Silva (2008) points out, in this sense the media build the social reality, create narratives full of representations and disseminated them as the absolute truth. The social narratives that feed the collective imagination are simplified and often stereotyped. This generic treatment of youth, which in many press releases did not even included explicit references to the male and female youth, reinforces the abstract discourse where this group is treated more as an object than as a group of individuals. This standardization of the juvenile discourse from the institutions, public in this case, generates homogenous representations that delimit the concept of youth and control it by pointing out the aspects and objectives dictating its existence When reference was made to the different specific groups of young people, the treatment of such situation highlighted the institutional support through programmes and measures (of cooperation, research, business, etc.), focusing more on possible solutions than on causes and the real problems. This discourse emphasises power relationships, which reinforces a vision of youth associated with a state of necessity that make public social institutions appear as responsible for solutions, which justifies the reason for their existence. In our case, the information that the Youth Institute transmitted in its press releases coincides with this approach. It mainly dealt with general issues that determine the collective imagination with which the image of youth is built. A youth that is debtor of public initiatives that benefit it to, paradoxically, continue being subordinated. A research on the representation of young people in the political discourse based on the analysis of press releases issued by the Secretaría de la juventud de la Generalitat (Youth Secretary of the Generalitat), coincides with this institutional vision of youth as an abstract collective. The discourse values the institutional events and their repercussions; it does not directly talks about young people. As Machado e Silva (2008) points out, the discourse itself will form the subject and not vice versa. 3.2. Analysis of the media visibility of the public communication: study of the press releases in the media Yanes Mesa (2007) considers that political organizations that aspire to direct a human collective through a popular election must communicatively convince the media professionals. The professional journalist is the recipient of the message, but becomes immediately the sender of the message once it has been re-formulated, the professional journalists act as links, interpreters and mediators between the organization and its publics (Xifra Triadú, 2008). The effectiveness of the press releases sent to the media is very low according to a study conducted by a communication study undertaken by Demométrica [4]. According to this survey, journalists only publish 12% of the releases, i.e. they throw out 85% of the press releases that companies and institutions sent to their editorial departments, and pay more attention to declarations than data. These are some of the most striking findings of the report “Periodistas, Empresas e Instituciones, 2007” (Journalists, Companies and Institutions, 2007), which involved 220 chief editors and heads of the sections of economy, society and health information of the Spanish media. The 12% is a share very similar to the one registered by the social psychologist White in 1950, when he analysed the role of a teleprinter editor that had to justify the reasons why he selected only 10% of the news he received daily from agencies. Why do daily press releases fail? Basically because they were not drafted with a journalistic mindset, they advertise too much, do not include sufficient information and have little content (Velilla, 2007). On the other hand, this study also found that only one of three press conferences that the press is invited to attend is perceived to be useful for journalists. Journalists expect an informational event to provide quality information directly from the protagonists or a vision that is different from the colleagues of other media and more than 60% only attend if the information is worth it. The most important thing in a press conference is the statements. Based on the previous considerations, it is important for any institution interested in disseminating information to have an open attitude towards the introduction of changes in the informative relationship they have with the media. 3.2.1. The relation with the content of press releases All the news items selected in this research were related to any of the press releases issued during the aforementioned time period. The review and comparison of the two databases (of press releases, and news), referred to in the methodology section, showed that from the 158 press releases the Injuve sent to the media, the latter only took into account a third part (52 press releases), with which the national media produced a total of 161 news items. Although the number of press releases selected by the media does not seem large (52 press releases), it reflects a reasonable percentage of acceptance by the media (1/3 of the press releases issued). The use of these press releases as information material by the media was codified taking into consideration whether the release was reproduced integrally, in a reduced form, or an extended version. Most of the news about the releases reduced the information it included. In many cases the most specific information was deleted: data, secondary actors, excessive statements by officials, and contextualization of specific programmes or objectives of the institutional work. A significant number of news expanded the press releases. These news items very frequently referred to invitations to press conferences and generally the news item was completed with information and statements that journalists obtained at the event. Finally, it was not uncommon that certain media (especially digital) reproduced the press releases integrally, and in some cases only replaced the headline. Considering that the media’s creation of news about youth did not normally offer graphic material to support or strengthen the written information, we can argue that the media prepared the news items taking as the main reference the messages or information provided by the press releases. With information from the press releases and regardless of whether the releases were reduced, enlarged or reproduced integrally, the media almost exclusively developed news. In the three years examined in this investigation, only three articles were produced from institutional press releases issued in that period. It seems that the media’s social production of communication obtains its references around current issues, which are better reflected by the news item. The creation of other informative products, such as articles, which can allow more critical and reflective visions of reality, is neglected by the media. This should make us reflect on the information that is generated from the institution itself and the treatment of the subjects. The provision of alternative material (data, photographs, graphics, etc.) along with the press releases (together in a press dossier), could facilitate journalists’ creation and treatment of news and other informative genres The study of the Injuve’s press releases and the related news, suggests that the media’s informative treatment, in three of four news items (74%), took into consideration only information provided by the Institution (in its integral form 14%, or in a reduced version 60%). 26% of the news extended the information with material obtained from other sources. 4.2. The media that presented the news The Injuve’s systematic collection of information from the press has been expanded in recent years. Digital media have been recently taken into consideration in the selection of news about youth, which was previously based only in conventional printed media. According to the news database provided for this research, the majority of news came from digital media. This is a problem since there is currently a lack of knowledge about the audiences and consumption of these in digital media. They are gaining space, but this is still an initial process and the construction of the institutional image remains anchored in the coverage made by the traditional media. The first analysis of all the news related to the Injuve’s press releases during the period analysed, showed that the press releases about the Injuve’s operation had a greater impact in the digital media (2 of 3 news), than in the printed press (1of 3 news), in a ratio of three to one in favour of the digital media. The selected news that were presented by the printed media came from newspapers with national coverage (El País, El Mundo, Abc, etc.), regional coverage (La Vanguardia, La voz de Asturias, Levante, Extremadura hoy...) and local coverage (El diario de Soria, El diario de Albacete, etc.). Regarding the digital media, most of the news came from informative media (50%), i.e. media mainly devoted to the informative treatment of current affairs and events. This is followed by news in digital media of general interest (20%), which corresponded to online portals, whose most significant example in Spain would be Terra.es. In order of importance, the sources that stand out based on the number of news items are websites edited by civil society institutions with 17% (NGOs, associations, public and private institutions, etc.) and news agencies with 16% (online news from traditional agencies, like Agencia Efe and Servimedia, and exclusively digital agencies). Digital media are gaining audiences among the new generations of young people, who are more familiar with these new products transmitted through channels that are alternative to the traditional public communication, represented by the news from the printed media. The analysis showed that the media that incorporated the Injuve’s information did so in secondary pages with little coverage. This assessment should be taken into account to try to make an effort to reach the press with greater capacity for dissemination and to reach the pages and sections with the most informative relevance. 4. Conclusions Any social organization needs to publicise their activities to their specific and general publics. The use of public communication through the media as an informative tool to spread messages to numerous and heterogeneous groups was improved and consolidated in the last quarter of the 20th century by public and private institutions. The dissemination of messages through institutional information products that provide information about the functioning and activities of the organization seeks to facilitate the communicative work of the media. Audiences’ image about the institution and its operation will depend to a large extent on the result of this relationship, focused on the information selection and treatment. This tension between trying to awake the media’s interest and at the same time to disseminate messages considered useful and necessary to make the institution visible, is a task that requires both internal knowledge (of the organizational communication needs) and external knowledge (of the media’s informative needs and particularities). The analysis of the Youth Institute’s information production through its press releases, and of the selection, treatment and visibility of such information in the media produced the following conclusions: On the press releases The systematic analysis of the Injuve’s news production via its press releases produced some general considerations:
The use of invitations to press conferences during the period analysed has served above all for the “staging of public governance” by the Injuve, especially focused on its role as an interventor necessary in the implementation and enforcement of policies about Emancipation (through employment and housing) and as a cultural promoter in the area of leisure, culture and spare time.
These themes refer to two spaces of youth considered essential in modern socialization processes:
The frequent treatment of these themes in the press releases reinforces the institutional view on youth. The Youth Institute intervenes communicatively by highlighting the need of its political activity in productive areas like youth emancipation, but also by intervening on other spaces of socialization and identity construction like youth leisure and culture. On the visibility of the institutional communication in the press With information from the press releases, the printed media produced a total of 161 informative products in that period of time. This production was materialized almost exclusively in news items, therefore focusing on current youth issues.
This fact should not go unnoticed for public institutions nor the media. In the case of information on young people, and thinking of young audiences, the press does not appear as the preferred informational space; however other type of services like the free press and especially the Internet, are closer to young people, their interests and their everyday practices (the consumption of information online through portals and websites intended for the young public is very frequent). Digital media are creating new specialised sections, where youth content has found a more flexible arrangement, even in specific youth-aimed sections. The public institutions should not be alien to these changes in the treatment of youth-aimed information, when orienting, and even suggesting the inclusion of new sections that respond to the new themes related to the field of youth.
The institution appears as interventor and redeemer of specific unfavourable situations both in productive (employment and housing) and reproductive areas (leisure and culture).
The interest that the issues of leisure, values and attitudes (participation and coexistence, and diversity) produce among the digital media (which are commonly used by young people), could be an interesting future scenario to place institutional communication on active policies that may serve to overcome youth stereotypes and media prejudices.
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Notes [1] Alcoceba, J. A. and Mathieu, G. (2007): Manual de buenas prácticas para el tratamiento de los jóvenes en los medios de comunicación (Handbook of good practice for the treatment of youth in the media). Madrid: Injuve. Available online at: http://Zeus/INJUVE/contenidos.item.action?ID=2017337609&menuId=572069434 [2] In Berganza Conde, M. R. and Ruiz San Román, J. A. (2005): Investigar en comunicación. Guía práctica de métodos y técnicas de investigación social en comunicación (Communication Research. Practical guide for methods and techniques for social research in communication). Madrid: McGraw Hill. [3] In the period of research (2005-2007), the Injuve was an autonomous body belonging to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. In 2008, it became part of the Ministry for equality (Royal Decree 438/2008, of 14 April 2008, which approves the basic organizational structure of the ministerial departments. Article 17. Ministry of equality). [4] “Periodistas, Empresas e Instituciones, 2007” (Journalists, Companies and Institutions, 2007), a study directed by Demométrica. Also involved the participation of the Federation of Associations of Spanish Journalists (FAPE), the Association of Journalists of Economic Information (APIE) and the National Association of Health Journalists (ANIS). http://www.Elmundo.es/Elmundo/2006/06/27/comunicacion/1151414416.html |
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